西安地区老年人热适应研究
摘要：为全面掌握西安地区老年人不同气候条件下热舒适规律与需求，以4家养老机构60岁以上健康老年人为研究对象，采取热舒适现场主观问卷与客观物理环境测试的方法，获取冬季、过渡季和夏季老年人热感觉、热可接受度及室内外热环境参数等指标，回收843份有效问卷，通过统计学相关分析发现：过渡季老年人服装调节及热感觉随温度变化最敏感；冬季、过渡季和夏季中性温度依次为19.4、22.6、23.1℃,全年中性温度为20.3℃;80%和90%可接受温度范围分别为13.8～30.5℃和17.2～27.0℃;建立的热适应模型与ASHRAE 55和西安地区青年人模型存在显著差异，且温度越高，这种差异越大，这是老年人心理、生理及行为适应3种方式综合作用的结果。研究成果可为我国寒冷地区老年人居住建筑室内热环境设计标准制定提供参考。
关键词：热适应老年人热感觉热可接受热适应模型西安
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[2] 国家卫生和计划生育委员会，国家发展和改革委员会，教育部，等.“十三五”健康老龄化规划[R/OL].(2017-03-17)[2020-04-15].http://www.nhc.gov.cn/lljks/zcwj2/201703/86fd489301c64c46865bd98c29e217f2.shtml.
[3] 王恬，于航，焦瑜，等.上海养老机构室内环境调查与评价[J].建筑科学，2015,31(4):45- 49,63.
[4] HWANG R L,CHEN C P.Field study on behaviors and adaptation of elderly people and their thermal comfort requirement in residential environments[J].Indoor air,2010,20(3):235- 245.
[5] 姚新玲.上海养老机构老年人居室热环境调查及分析[J] .暖通空调，2011,41(12):66- 70.
[6] JIAO Y,YU H,WANG T,et al.Thermal comfort and adaptation of the elderly in free-running environments in Shanghai,China [J].Building and environment,2017,118:259- 272.
[7] 王恬，于航，焦瑜，等.上海老年人居室冬季室内环境评价因素研究[J].建筑热能通风空调，2015,34(2):1- 4.
[8] 刘红，吴语欣，张恒，等.夏季自然通风住宅老年人适应性热舒适评价研究[J] .暖通空调，2015,45(6):50- 58.
[9] 刘雪麒，岳鹏.太原市养老院夏季老年人室内热舒适调查研究[J].城市建筑，2018(11):69- 72.
[10] 刘雪麒，岳鹏.太原市改造型养老院冬季室内热环境状况调查研究[J].暖通空调，2019,49(7):120- 127.
[11] 冯思宁，王岩，林耕.天津市机构养老设施室内热舒适性研究[J] .建筑科学，2016,32(12):127- 134.
[12] 郑武幸.气候的地域和季节变化对人体热适应的影响与应用研究[D] .西安：西安建筑科技大学，2017:26,60- 74.
[13] 中国气象局气象信息中心气象资料室，清华大学建筑技术科学系.中国建筑热环境分析专用气象数据集[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2005:68- 89.
[14] ASHRAE.Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy:ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 [S].Atlanta:ASHRAE,2013:5- 13.
[15] BSI.Ergonomics of the thermal environment—estimation of thermal insulation and water vapor resistance of a clothing ensemble:DIN EN ISO 9920:2009 [S].Brussels:British Standards Institution,2009:12- 14.
[16] ISO.Thermal environments specifications relating to appliances and methods for measuring physical characteristics of the environment:ISO 7726:2002 [S].Geneva:ISO,2002:12- 49.
[17] ASHRAE.ASHRAE handbook—fundamentals[M].Atlanta:ASHRAE,2009:9.8.
[18] MORGAN C,DE DEAR R J.Weather,clothing and thermal adaptation to indoor climate[J].Climate research,2003,24(3):267- 284.
[19] CEN.Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality,thermal environment,lighting and acoustics:EN 15251:2007 [S].Brussels:CEN,2007:27- 29.
[20] MCCARTNEY K J,NICOL J F.Developing an adaptive control algorithm for Europe:results of the SCATs project[J].Energy and buildings,2002,34(6):623- 635.
[21] NICOL F,HUMPHREYS M.Derivation of the adaptive equations for thermal comfort in free-running buildings in European standard EN 15251[J].Building and environment,2010,45:11- 17.
[22] OHNAKA T,TOCHIHARA Y,TSUZUKI K,et al.Preferred temperature of the elderly after cold and heat exposures determined by individual self-selection of air temperature [J].Journal of thermal biology,1993,18(5/6):349- 353.
[23] SCHELLEN L,VAN MARKEN LICHTENBELT W D,LOOMANS M G L C,et al.Differences between young adults and elderly in thermal comfort,productivity,and thermal physiology in response to a moderate temperature drift and a steady-state condition[J].Indoor air,2010,20(4):273- 283.
[24] TAYLOR N A,ALLSOPP N K,PARKES D G.Preferred room temperature of young vs aged males:the influence of thermal sensation,thermal comfort,and affect[J].The journals of gerontology:series a,biological sciences and medical sciences,1995,50(4):216- 221.
Adaptive thermal comfort of the elderly in Xi'an
Abstract: To derive deeper insight into thermal comfort and demands of the elderly in different climate conditions in Xi'an, the authors survey healthy elderly people over 60 years old and adopt field study methods of subjective questionnaire of thermal comfort and objective physical environment tests. The research is carried out in winter, transitional season and summer, and obtains 843 valid questionnaires, including the main information on human thermal sensation, thermal acceptability, and indoor and outdoor thermal environment parameters. Through statistical analysis methods, the authors find that the clothing regulation and thermal sensation in the transitional season are the most sensitive with temperature changes. The neutral temperatures in winter, transitional season and summer are 19.4 ℃, 22.6 ℃ and 23.1 ℃, respectively, and 20.3 ℃ for the whole year. 80% and 90% acceptable temperature ranges are 13.8 to 30.5 ℃ and 17.2 to 27.0 ℃. The established adaptive thermal comfort model for the elderly in Xi'an is significantly different with that in ASHRAE 55 and the youth's model in Xi'an, which shows the higher the temperature, the greater the difference between them. The result is determined by the particularity of psychological, physiological and behavioral adaptation of the elderly. The findings can provide a reference for establishing the design standard of indoor thermal environment for residential buildings of the elderly in cold zone of China.
Keywords: thermal adaptation; the elderly; thermal sensation; thermal acceptability; adaptive thermal comfort model; Xi'an;
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