室内热环境对老年人生理参数和健康影响的循证研究——以上海地区养老机构为例
摘要：老年人热调节功能的衰退使其成为热环境暴露下的脆弱群体。以健康老龄化为导向，于2014—2017年在上海19家养老机构进行现场调研，获得1040份有效样本数据。采用循证研究的方法，定量揭示室内热环境对老年人生理参数和老年人健康状况的影响规律。通过显著性检验和相关性分析发现，室内温度、相对湿度、风速对老年人的手指皮温、心率、收缩压、舒张压和血氧饱和度影响显著，且存在季节差异、性别差异和年龄段差异。该研究提出了作用于老年人生理参数和健康状况的个性化热环境参数清单和参数设计建议值，可以为上海地区养老机构室内热环境的设计和管理提供理论依据和实践建议。
关键词：室内热环境 老年人 生理参数 热健康 循证研究
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[2] Buffel T, Phillipson C. Can global cities be‘age-friendly cities’? Urban development and ageing populations[J].Cities, 2016, 55(6):94-100.
[3] Koohsari M, Nakaya T, Oka K. Activity-friendly built environments in a super-aged society, Japan:Current challenges and toward a research agenda[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2018, 15(9):20-54.
[4] Zhou P L, Grady S C, Chen G. How the built environment affects change in older People’s physical activity:A mixed-methods approach using longitudinal health survey data in urban China[J]. Social Science and Medicine, 2017, 192(9):74-84.
[5] Wang R Y, Liu Y, Lu Y, et al. Perceptions of built environment and health outcomes for older Chinese in Beijing:A big data approach with street view images and deep learning technique[J]. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 2019, 78(11):1-10.
[6]周燕珉.住宅精细化设计[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2015.
[7]于一凡.建成环境对老年人健康的影响：认识基础与方法探讨[J].国际城市规划，2020,35(1):1-7.
[8] Jiao Y, Yu H, Wang Z, et al. Influence of individual factors on thermal satisfaction of the elderly in free running environments[J]. Building and Environment, 2017, 116(2):218-227.
[9]姜中天.居住环境中健康风险判定的科学依据[J].建筑技艺，2020(5):70-73.
[10]周燕珉.老年住宅[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2011.
[11]于一凡，田菲.面向老龄化社会的城市应对[M].北京：科学出版社，2019.
[12] Yang J, Nam I, Sohn J R. The influence of seasonal characteristics in elderly thermal comfort in Korea[J].Energy and Buildings, 2016, 128(9):583-591.
[13] Fan G T, Xie J C, Yoshino H, et al. Investigation of indoor thermal environment in the homes with elderly people during heating season in Beijing, China[J]. Building and Environment, 2017, 126(12):288-303.
[14] Wong L T, Fong K N K, Mui K W, et al. A field survey of the expected desirable thermal environment for older people[J]. Indoor and Built Environment, 2009, 18(4):336-345.
[15] Hwang R L, Chen C P. Field study on behaviors and adaptation of elderly people and their thermal comfort requirements in residential environments[J]. Indoor Air,2010, 20(3):235-245.
[16] Jiao Y, Yu H, Wang T, et al. Thermal comfort and adaptation of the elderly in free-running environments in Shanghai, China[J]. Building and Environment, 2017,118(1):259-272.
[17] Cena K, Spotila J R, Avery H W. Thermal comfort of the elderly is affected by clothing, activity, and psychological adjustment[J]. ASHRAE Transactions, 1986, 92(2A):329-342.
[18] Yochihara Y, Ohnaka T, Nagai Y, et al. Physiological responses and thermal sensations of the elderly in cold and hot environments[J]. Journal of Thermal Biology, 1993,18(5/6):355-361.
[19] Barnett, A G. Temperature and cardiovascular deaths in the US elderly:Changes over time[J]. Epidemiology,2007, 18(3):369-372.
[20] Alpérovitch A, Lacombe J-M, Hanon O, et al.Relationship between blood pressure and outdoor temperature in a large sample of elderly individuals:The three-city study[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2009, 169(1):75-80.
[21] Guergova S, Dufour A. Thermal sensitivity in the elderly:A review[J]. Ageing Research Reviews, 2011,10(1):80-92.
[22] Rockwood K. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in older people[J]. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2005, 173(5):489-495.
[23] 焦瑜.上海地区公共养老设施老年人适应性热舒适研究[D].上海：同济大学，2019.
Evidence-based Study on the Effects of Indoor Thermal Environment on Physiological Parameters and Health of the Older People in Shanghai Aged Home
Abstract: The decline of thermal regulation in the older people makes them vulnerable to thermal environment exposure. Guided by healthy aging, Field surveues were conducted in 19 homes for older people in Shanghai from 2014 to 2017, and 1 040 valid sample data were obtained. By using the method of evidence-based research, the influence of indoor thermal environment on physiological parameters and health status of the older people was quantitatively revealed. Through significance test and correlation analysis, the results showed that indoor temperature, relative humidity and wind speed had significant effects on finger skin temperature, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation of the older people, and there were seasonal differences, gender differences and age differences. This study puts forward a list of personalized thermal environment parameters and suggestions that affect the physiological parameters and health status of the older people, which can provide theoretical basis and practical suggestions for the planning and management of indoor thermal environment in aged homes in Shanghai.
Keywords: indoor thermal environment; older people; physiological parameters; thermal health; evidence-based research;
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