国内外地铁站台与车厢空气颗粒物浓度探析
摘要：近年的研究表明，地铁站台和车厢内部的空气颗粒物(PM10、PM2.5和PM1)浓度普遍远高于城市颗粒物的背景浓度，而且地铁系统空气中往往含有较多重金属颗粒物，其生物毒性较高。本文依据国内外城市地铁站台和车厢内颗粒物浓度检测资料，比较了中国与欧洲地铁系统中颗粒物的浓度和构成。受城市颗粒物的背景浓度、人流密度、车流密度及空气净化措施的影响，中国地铁站台的颗粒物浓度普遍略高于欧洲近代地铁站台，而地铁车厢内的颗粒物浓度处在同一水平；中外各城市地铁站台的颗粒物成分相似，都以重金属元素为主；根据检测经验及相关文献，在地铁系统中使用未经实地质量校正的光散射采样器，存在测量值的准确性问题。建议制定地铁环境检测标准，规范检测方法和仪器，以利于地铁系统空气环境的进一步改善。
关键词：地铁站台地铁车厢颗粒物PM)检测标准空气净化
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[31] 涂有，涂光备，王晨.公共建筑空调通风系统应对雾霾天气的过滤措施探讨[J].暖通空调，2020,50(1):55- 63.
[32] ASSIMAKOPOULOS M N,DOUNIS A,SPANOU A,et al.Indoor air quality in a metropolitan area metro using fuzzy logic assessment system[J].Science of the total environment,2013,449:461- 469.
[33] ZHANG Y,HUANG Z,WEN S.Spatiotemporal variations of in-cabin particle concentrations along public transit routes,a case study in Shenzhen,China[J].Building and environment,2020,180:107047.
[34] CHENG Y H,NINH X H,YEH S L.Dominant factors influencing the concentrations of particulate matters inside train carriages traveling in different environments in the Taipei mass rapid transit system[J].Aerosol and air quality research,2019,19(7):1579- 1592.
[35] WANG B Q,LIU J F,REN Z H,et al.Concentrations,properties,and health risk of PM2.5 in the Tianjin city subway system[J].Environmental science and pollution research,2016,23(22):22647- 22657.
[36] ZHENG H L,DENG W J,CHENG Y,et al.Characteristics of PM2.5,CO2 and particle-number concentration in mass transit railway carriages in Hong Kong[J].Environmental geochemistry and health,2017,39(4):739- 750.
[37] ABBASI S,OLOFSSON U,ZHU Y,et al.Pin-on-disc study of the effects of railway friction modifiers on airborne wear particles from wheel-rail contacts[J].Tribology international,2013,60:136- 139.
[38] OLOFSSON U.A study of airborne wear particles generated from the train traffic—block braking simulation in a pin-on-disc machine[J].Wear,2011,271(1/2):86- 91.
[39] CHA Y,HEDBERG Y,MEI N,et al.Airborne wear particles generated from conductor rail and collector shoe contact:influence of sliding velocity and particle size[J].Tribology letters,2016,64(3):40.
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[41] ABBASI S,JANSSON A,OLANDER L,et al.A pin-on-disc study of the rate of airborne wear particle emissions from railway braking materials[J].Wear,2012,284/285:18- 29.
[42] HAYASHI S,MISHIMA F,AKIYAMA Y,et al.Development of high gradient magnetic separation system for a highly viscous fluid[J].IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity,2010,20(3):945- 948.
[43] WANG Y,GUI K,SHI M,et al.Removal of dust from flue gas in magnetically stabilized fluidized bed[J].Particuology,2008,6(2):116- 119.
[44] GUI K T,ZHANG H,SHI M,et al.Collecting aerosol in airflow with a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed[J].Journal of environmental sciences,2001,13:497- 501.
[45] JUNG H J,KIM B W,MALEK M A,et al.Chemical speciation of size-segregated floor dusts and airborne magnetic particles collected at underground subway stations in Seoul,Korea[J].Journal of hazardous materials,2012,213/214:331- 340.
[46] SON Y S,DINH T V,CHUNG S G,et al.Removal of particulate matter emitted from a subway tunnel using magnetic filters[J].Environmental science & technology,2014,48(5):2870- 2876.
[47] SON Y S,OH Y H,CHOI I Y,et al.Development of a magnetic hybrid filter to reduce PM10 in a subway platform[J].Journal of hazardous materials,2019,368:197- 203.
[48] TU M,OLOFSSON U.PM levels on an underground metro platform:a study of the train,passenger flow,urban background,ventilation,and night maintenance effects[J].Atmospheric environment:X,2021,12:100134.
[49] LUGLIO D G,KATSIGEORGIS M,HESS J,et al.PM2.5 concentration and composition in subway systems in the northeastern United States[J].Environmental health perspectives,2021,129(2):027001.
[2] MEDINA S,PLASENCIA A,BALLESTER F,et al.Apheis:public health impact of PM10 in 19 European cities[J].Journal of epidemiology and community health,2004,58(10):831- 836.
[3] YORIFUJI T,BAE S,KASHIMA S,et al.Health impact assessment of PM10 and PM2.5 in 27 southeast and east Asian cities[J].Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,2015,57(7):751- 756.
[4] NADDAFI K,HASSANVAND M S,YUNESIAN M,et al.Health impact assessment of air pollution in megacity of Tehran,Iran[J].Iranian journal of environmental health science & engineering,2012,9(1):28.
[5] BARZEGHAR V,SARBAKHSH P,HASSANVAND M S,et al.Long-term trend of ambient air PM10,PM2.5,and O3 and their health effects in Tabriz city,Iran,during 2006-2017[J].Sustainable cities and society,2020,54:101988.
[6] DELFINO R J,SIOUTAS C,MALIK S.Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health[J].Environmental health perspectives,2005,113(8):934- 946.
[7] DOMINICI F,PENG R D,BELL M L,et al.Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases[J].JAMA,2006,295(10):1127- 1134.
[8] HU K,GUO Y,HU D,et al.Mortality burden attributable to PM1 in Zhejiang province,China[J].Environment international,2018,121:515- 522.
[9] BRANIŠ M.The contribution of ambient sources to particulate pollution in spaces and trains of the Prague underground transport system[J].Atmospheric environment,2006,40(2):348- 356.
[10] CARTENÌ A,CASCETTA F,CAMPANA S.Underground and ground-level particulate matter concentrations in an Italian metro system[J].Atmospheric environment,2015,101:328- 337.
[11] JOHANSSON C,JOHANSSON P Å.Particulate matter in the underground of Stockholm[J].Atmospheric environment,2003,37(1):3- 9.
[12] KIM K Y,KIM Y S,ROH Y M,et al.Spatial distribution of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations[J].Journal of hazardous materials,2008,154(1):440- 443.
[13] MUGICA-ÁLVAREZ V,FIGUEROA-LARA J,ROMERO-ROMO M,et al.Concentrations and properties of airborne particles in the Mexico City subway system[J].Atmospheric environment,2012,49:284- 293.
[14] COLOMBI C,ANGIUS S,GIANELLE V,et al.Particulate matter concentrations,physical characteristics and elemental composition in the Milan underground transport system[J].Atmospheric environment,2013,70:166- 178.
[15] TU M,OLOFSSON U.PM10 in underground stations from different types of trains[J].Transportation research part D:transport and environment,2021,95:102867.
[16] KORD M F,JAAFARI J,GHARIBI H,et al.Characterizing of fine particulate matter (PM1) on the platforms and outdoor areas of underground and surface subway stations[J].Human and ecological risk assessment:an international journal,2018,24(4):1016- 1029.
[17] HE S,JIN L,LE T,et al.Commuter health risk and the protective effect of three typical metro environmental control systems in Beijing,China[J].Transportation research part D:transport and environment,2018,62:633- 645.
[18] MORENO T,PEREZ N,RECHE C,et al.Subway platform air quality:assessing the influences of tunnel ventilation,train piston effect and station design[J].Atmospheric environment,2014,92:461- 468.
[19] MORENO T,RECHE C,MINGUILLÓN M C,et al.The effect of ventilation protocols on airborne particulate matter in subway systems[J].Science of the total environment,2017,584/585:1317- 1323.
[20] CUSACK M,TALBOT N,ONDRÁĈEK J,et al.Variability of aerosols and chemical composition of PM10,PM2.5 and PM1 on a platform of the Prague underground metro[J].Atmospheric environment,2015,118:176- 183.
[21] MARTINS V,MINGUILLÓN M C,MORENO T,et al.Characterisation of airborne particulate matter in different European subway systems[M/OL]//YAGHOUBI H.Urban transport systems.London:IntechOpen,2017[2022-04-02].https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/52468.
[22] MAMMI-GALANI E,ELEFTHERIADIS K,MENDES L,et al.Exposure and dose to particulate matter inside the subway system of Athens,Greece[J].Air quality,atmosphere & health,2017,10(8):1015- 1028.
[23] CARTENÌ A,CASCETTA F.Particulate matter concentrations in a high-quality rubber-tyred metro system:the case study of Turin in Italy[J].International journal of environmental science and technology,2018,15(9):1921- 1930.
[24] YANG F,KAUL D,WONG K C,et al.Heterogeneity of passenger exposure to air pollutants in public transport microenvironments[J].Atmospheric environment,2015,109:42- 51.
[25] ZHANG X,XU Y,SU J.Temporal and spatial characteristics of particulate matters in metro stations of Shanghai,China[J].Building and environment,2020,179:106956.
[26] GUO L,HU Y,HU Q,et al.Characteristics and chemical compositions of particulate matter collected at the selected metro stations of Shanghai,China[J].Science of the total environment,2014,496:443- 452.
[27] PAN S,DU S,WANG X,et al.Analysis and interpretation of the particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) concentrations at the subway stations in Beijing,China[J].Sustainable cities and society,2019,45:366- 377.
[28] WANG C Y,LIM B S,WANG Y H,et al.Identification of high personal PM2.5 exposure during real time commuting in the Taipei metropolitan area[J].Atmosphere,2021,12(3):12030396.
[29] MORENO T,KELLY F J,DUNSTER C,et al.Oxidative potential of subway PM2.5[J].Atmospheric environment,2017,148:230- 238.
[30] QUEROL X,MORENO T,KARANASIOU A,et al.Variability of levels and composition of PM10 and PM2.5 in the Barcelona metro system[J].Atmospheric chemistry and physics,2012,12(11):5055- 5076.
[31] 涂有，涂光备，王晨.公共建筑空调通风系统应对雾霾天气的过滤措施探讨[J].暖通空调，2020,50(1):55- 63.
[32] ASSIMAKOPOULOS M N,DOUNIS A,SPANOU A,et al.Indoor air quality in a metropolitan area metro using fuzzy logic assessment system[J].Science of the total environment,2013,449:461- 469.
[33] ZHANG Y,HUANG Z,WEN S.Spatiotemporal variations of in-cabin particle concentrations along public transit routes,a case study in Shenzhen,China[J].Building and environment,2020,180:107047.
[34] CHENG Y H,NINH X H,YEH S L.Dominant factors influencing the concentrations of particulate matters inside train carriages traveling in different environments in the Taipei mass rapid transit system[J].Aerosol and air quality research,2019,19(7):1579- 1592.
[35] WANG B Q,LIU J F,REN Z H,et al.Concentrations,properties,and health risk of PM2.5 in the Tianjin city subway system[J].Environmental science and pollution research,2016,23(22):22647- 22657.
[36] ZHENG H L,DENG W J,CHENG Y,et al.Characteristics of PM2.5,CO2 and particle-number concentration in mass transit railway carriages in Hong Kong[J].Environmental geochemistry and health,2017,39(4):739- 750.
[37] ABBASI S,OLOFSSON U,ZHU Y,et al.Pin-on-disc study of the effects of railway friction modifiers on airborne wear particles from wheel-rail contacts[J].Tribology international,2013,60:136- 139.
[38] OLOFSSON U.A study of airborne wear particles generated from the train traffic—block braking simulation in a pin-on-disc machine[J].Wear,2011,271(1/2):86- 91.
[39] CHA Y,HEDBERG Y,MEI N,et al.Airborne wear particles generated from conductor rail and collector shoe contact:influence of sliding velocity and particle size[J].Tribology letters,2016,64(3):40.
[40] LIU H,CHA Y,OLOFSSON U,et al.Effect of the sliding velocity on the size and amount of airborne wear particles generated from dry sliding wheel-rail contacts[J].Tribology letters,2016,63(3):30.
[41] ABBASI S,JANSSON A,OLANDER L,et al.A pin-on-disc study of the rate of airborne wear particle emissions from railway braking materials[J].Wear,2012,284/285:18- 29.
[42] HAYASHI S,MISHIMA F,AKIYAMA Y,et al.Development of high gradient magnetic separation system for a highly viscous fluid[J].IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity,2010,20(3):945- 948.
[43] WANG Y,GUI K,SHI M,et al.Removal of dust from flue gas in magnetically stabilized fluidized bed[J].Particuology,2008,6(2):116- 119.
[44] GUI K T,ZHANG H,SHI M,et al.Collecting aerosol in airflow with a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed[J].Journal of environmental sciences,2001,13:497- 501.
[45] JUNG H J,KIM B W,MALEK M A,et al.Chemical speciation of size-segregated floor dusts and airborne magnetic particles collected at underground subway stations in Seoul,Korea[J].Journal of hazardous materials,2012,213/214:331- 340.
[46] SON Y S,DINH T V,CHUNG S G,et al.Removal of particulate matter emitted from a subway tunnel using magnetic filters[J].Environmental science & technology,2014,48(5):2870- 2876.
[47] SON Y S,OH Y H,CHOI I Y,et al.Development of a magnetic hybrid filter to reduce PM10 in a subway platform[J].Journal of hazardous materials,2019,368:197- 203.
[48] TU M,OLOFSSON U.PM levels on an underground metro platform:a study of the train,passenger flow,urban background,ventilation,and night maintenance effects[J].Atmospheric environment:X,2021,12:100134.
[49] LUGLIO D G,KATSIGEORGIS M,HESS J,et al.PM2.5 concentration and composition in subway systems in the northeastern United States[J].Environmental health perspectives,2021,129(2):027001.
Exploration of air particulate matter concentration on underground railway platforms and in train compartments in China and Europe
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that the concentration of air particulate matter(PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) on underground railway platforms and in train compartments is much higher than the background concentration of urban particulate matter. Since the air in the underground railway system often contains more heavy metal particles, its biological toxicity is heightened. This paper compares the concentration and composition of the particulate matter in the underground railway systems in China and Europe based on the literature in recent years. Affected by the background concentration of urban particulate matter, the density of pedestrian and traffic flow, and the air purification measures, the concentration of particulate matter on underground railway platforms in China is generally higher than that in Europe, while the concentration of particulate matter in train compartments is at the same level. The composition of particulate matter on underground railway platforms in Chinese and foreign cities is similar, mainly containing heavy metals. The authors conclude from the literature and own experience that using a light scattering particle sampler without field gravimetric correction in the underground railway system may cause the inaccuracy of the measured values. It is suggested to formulate underground railway environmental testing standards and standardize testing methods and instruments, so as to further improve the air environment of the underground railway system.
Keywords: underground railway platform; train compartment; particulate matter(PM); testing standard; air purification;
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