如何描述建筑在新型电力系统中的基本特征？——现状与展望
摘要：建筑领域是实现碳中和目标的重要部门，未来零碳能源系统中建筑有望成为集能源生产、消费、调蓄“三位一体”的能源复合体。如何科学地描述建筑在未来能源系统中的基本特征，建筑的复合功能特征如何更好地适应未来零碳能源系统的发展要求，建筑如何更好地发挥自身具有的复合功能作用，是建筑层面面向未来碳中和目标需要回答的重要问题。本文从建筑的复合功能需求出发，初步提出了建筑作为能源生产者、消费者、调蓄者的基本刻画方法，并从建筑具有的“源、储、网、荷”基本特征出发对相关研究进行了展望，以期为深入认识建筑在未来零碳能源系统中的作用提供有益探索和参考。
关键词：建筑用电特征建筑等效储能新型电力系统零碳能源系统碳中和
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[29] 江亿.“光储直柔”——助力实现零碳电力的新型建筑配电系统[J].暖通空调，2021,51(10):1- 12.
[30] 张勇军，羿应棋，李立浧，等.新型低压配电系统特征、关键问题与技术展望[J/OL].电力系统自动化.[2022-07-06].https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1180.TP.20220531.1512.008.html.
[31] ZHAO S S,CHEN Y,CUI S H,et al.Three-port bidirectional operation scheme of modular-multilevel DC-DC converters interconnecting MVDC and LVDC grids[J].IEEE transactions on power electronics,2021,36(7):7342- 7348.
[32] ROUZBEHI K,MIRANIAN A,CANDELA J I,et al.A generalized voltage droop strategy for control of multiterminal DC grids[J].IEEE transactions on industry applications,2015,51(1):607- 618.
[33] 郝斌.建筑“光储直柔”与零碳电力如影随形[J].建筑，2021(23):27- 29.
[2] 舒印彪，陈国平，贺静波，等.构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统框架研究[J].中国工程科学，2021,23(6):61- 69.
[3] 张智刚，康重庆.碳中和目标下构建新型电力系统的挑战与展望[J].中国电机工程学报，2022,42(8):2806- 2819.
[4] 清华大学建筑节能研究中心.中国建筑节能年度发展研究报告2022[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2022:77- 82.
[5] ZHOU Y K,CAO S L,HENSEN J L M,et al.Energy integration and interaction between buildings and vehicles:a state-of-the-art review[J].Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,2019,114:109337.
[6] BARONE G,BUONOMANO A,CALISE F,et al.Building to vehicle to building concept toward a novel zero energy paradigm:modelling and case studies[J].Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,2019,101:625- 648.
[7] 中国建筑东北设计研究院有限公司.民用建筑电气设计标准：GB 51348—2019[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2019:9- 11.
[8] 中国城市规划设计研究院.城市电力规划规范：GB/T 50293—2014[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2014:6- 7.
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[11] CHEN Q,KUANG Z H,LIU X H,et al.Energy storage to solve the diurnal,weekly,and seasonal mismatch and achieve zero-carbon electricity consumption in buildings[J].Applied energy,2022,312:118744.
[12] 刘晓华，张涛，刘效辰，等.“光储直柔”建筑新型能源系统发展现状与研究展望[J].暖通空调，2022,52(8):1- 9,82.
[13] 张涛，刘效辰，刘晓华，等.机场航站楼空调系统设计、运行现状及研究展望[J].暖通空调，2018,48(1):53- 59,37.
[14] 尹奎超，韦航，曹荣光，等.某航站楼空调方案研究与分析[J].暖通空调，2021,51(增刊1):159- 162.
[15] 侯余波，王继伟，戎向阳，等.青岛胶东国际机场T1航站楼[J].暖通空调，2020,50(9):12- 13,71.
[16] 刘晓华，张涛，戎向阳，等.交通场站建筑热湿环境营造[M].北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2019:51- 67.
[17] VIOT H,SEMPEY A,MORA L,et al.Model predictive control of a thermally activated building system to improve energy management of an experimental building:part I—modeling and measurements[J].Energy and buildings,2018,172:94- 103.
[18] LUO Y Q,ZHANG L,LIU Z B,et al.Thermal performance evaluation of an active building integrated photovoltaic thermoelectric wall system[J].Applied energy,2016,177:25- 39.
[19] 林琳.航站楼多区域客流特征与供冷需求研究[D].北京：清华大学，2022:100- 114.
[20] TANG D,WANG P.Probabilistic modeling of nodal charging demand based on spatial-temporal dynamics of moving electric vehicles[J].IEEE transactions on smart grid,2016,7(2):627- 636.
[21] WANG Y,INFIELD D.Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation of electric vehicle use for network integration studies[J].International journal of electrical power & energy systems,2018,99:85- 94.
[22] FRETZEN U,ANSARIN M,BRANDT T.Temporal city-scale matching of solar photovoltaic generation and electric vehicle charging[J].Applied energy,2021,282:116160.
[23] 付智.建筑光伏直连式电动汽车智能充电系统性能研究[D].北京：清华大学，2022:7- 20.
[24] 魏一凡，韩雪冰，卢兰光，等.面向碳中和的新能源汽车与车网互动技术展望[J].汽车工程，2022,44(4):449- 464,444.
[25] SOVACOOL B K,KESTER J,NOEL L,et al.Actors,business models,and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology:a comprehensive review[J].Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,2020,131:109963.
[26] WEIGHT H Q,ZHANG Y T,WANG Y Z,et al.Planning integrated energy systems coupling V2G as a flexible storage[J].Energy,2022,239:122215.
[27] IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).IEC white paper electrical energy storage[M].Geneva:International Electrotechnical Commission,2011:31.
[28] 刘效辰.建筑蓄能特性与柔性可调度资源[R].北京：清华大学建筑节能研究中心，2022:35.
[29] 江亿.“光储直柔”——助力实现零碳电力的新型建筑配电系统[J].暖通空调，2021,51(10):1- 12.
[30] 张勇军，羿应棋，李立浧，等.新型低压配电系统特征、关键问题与技术展望[J/OL].电力系统自动化.[2022-07-06].https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/32.1180.TP.20220531.1512.008.html.
[31] ZHAO S S,CHEN Y,CUI S H,et al.Three-port bidirectional operation scheme of modular-multilevel DC-DC converters interconnecting MVDC and LVDC grids[J].IEEE transactions on power electronics,2021,36(7):7342- 7348.
[32] ROUZBEHI K,MIRANIAN A,CANDELA J I,et al.A generalized voltage droop strategy for control of multiterminal DC grids[J].IEEE transactions on industry applications,2015,51(1):607- 618.
[33] 郝斌.建筑“光储直柔”与零碳电力如影随形[J].建筑，2021(23):27- 29.
How to describe the basic characteristics of buildings in future power system?——Status and prospects
Abstract: The building sector is an important sector to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. In the future zero-carbon energy system, the building is expected to become an energy complex integrating energy production, consumption, storage and regulation. How to scientifically describe the basic characteristics of buildings in the future energy system, how to better adapt the composite functional characteristics of buildings to the development requirements of the future zero-carbon energy system, and how to better play the composite functional role of buildings are important questions that need to be answered at the level of buildings facing the future carbon neutrality goal. Starting from the construction of composite functional requirements, this study puts forward the basic characterization method describing the buildings acting as energy producers, consumers and regulators, and the basic characteristics of related further research is discussed from the view of “source, storage, network, load”. The present research is beneficial to deeply know the role of buildings in the future zero-carbon energy system.
Keywords: building load characteristic; building equivalent energy storage; future power system; zero-carbon energy system; carbon neutrality;
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